Forging presses are divided into energy controlled, force controlled and stroke controlled forging presses. In comparison to a forging hammer a forging press applies its force more slowly through the centre of the workpiece. On forging presses components and bars are formed with great accuracy.
Energy, force and displacement related presses can be used as calibrating presses and a distinction is made between hot and cold calibrating. Calibrating means to squeeze the workpiece between two dies to give it its finished size or form. Forming energy is very low in this process. The dimensional change is in the range of some tenths of a millimetre only.
Cold forging is also a non-cutting shaping process in massive forming. Unlike hot forging the forming temperature in cold forging is not higher than room temperature. Due to the high energy dissipated during the forming process the forging can be heated to up to 150°C. Compared with hot forging, cold forged parts typically have significantly higher dimensional tolerances.
Die forging is a shaping process in massive forming by which forgings can be manufactured in high quantity. The forging blank is put into the lower die and the upper die moves downwards and forms the pre-material in a negative form to the desired forging. The die forging process can be carried out in multiple steps.
Forging is a non-cutting shaping process. To forge metal parts they are heated to a temperature above their recrystallization temperature and formed between two dies.
A forging hammer is best suited to form flat products, for which a very high forming energy is required. The forming speed of forging hammers is significantly higher than that of forging presses. Forging hammers are basically divided into drop hammers, pre-forging hammers, open-die hammers, double-acting hammers and counter-blow hammers.
Forging presses are divided into energy controlled, force controlled and stroke controlled forging presses. In comparison to a forging hammer a forging press applies its force more slowly through the centre of the workpiece. On forging presses components and bars are formed with great accuracy.
A forging roll is a forming machine with a profiled rolling die in which the material cross section of the workpiece to be rolled is changed in a defined manner by a longitudinal rolling process. In massive forming forging rolls are used primarily to optimise mass distribution before the main forging process.
As with die forging, open-die forging is a non-cutting manufacturing process. The shaping of the forging is performed by moving the workpiece in a controlled manner between an anvil and a moving die. Many strokes are generally required to give the forging the final form. Open-die forging is usually used to manufacture larger single parts.
In a ring rolling machine the previously upset and punched pre-material is rolled into seamless rings having the final dimensions desired. During the rolling process the ring blank’s height and thickness is reduced, which increases its diameter. Machines called RAWs, radial axial ring rolling machines, are typically used.
In a screw press the ram is forced down by a large screw. A screw press is an energy related forming machine. Screw presses are classified according to their function, including friction drive screw presses, clutch screw presses and direct drive screw presses.
